Module 2

This page is undergoing a rewrite of sorts. There is missing content and other content is subject to change.

New verbs

Below are the paradigms for two new verbs:

-yʌteli- — to know, to be familiar with
-nolukhw- — to love

Both of these begin with a consonant so they use C-stem pronominals.

Subjective pronominals

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kyʌtelí̲	I am familiar with it
isé·	tsyʌtelí̲	You are familiar with it
laulhá·	layʌtelí̲	He is familiar with it
akaulhá·	yeyʌtelí̲	She is familiar with it
aulhá·	kayʌtelí̲	It is familiar with it
tetniyáhse	tniyʌtelí̲	You and I are familiar with it
teyakniyáhse	yakniyʌtelí̲	Someone and I are familiar with it
tesniyáhse	sniyʌtelí̲	You two are familiar with it
tehniyáhse	hniyʌtelí̲	2 males are familiar with it 1 male + 1 female are familiar with it
tekniyáhse	kniyʌtelí̲	2 females are familiar with it
twakwekú	twayʌtelí̲	You all and I are familiar with it
yakwakwekú	yakwayʌtelí̲	They and I are familiar with it
swakwekú	swayʌtelí̲	All of you are familiar with it
latikwekú	latiyʌtelí̲	They (males) are familiar with it They (males + females) are familiar with it
kutikwekú	kutiyʌtelí̲	They (females) are familiar with it

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	knolúkhwa̲ʔ	I love it
isé·	snolúkhwa̲ʔ	You love it
laulhá·	lanolúkhwa̲ʔ	He loves it
akaulhá·	yenolúkhwa̲ʔ	She loves it
aulhá·	kanolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves it
tetniyáhse	tninolúkhwa̲ʔ	You and I love it
teyakniyáhse	yakninolúkhwa̲ʔ	Someone and I love it
tesniyáhse	sninolúkhwa̲ʔ	You two love it
tehniyáhse	hninolúkhwa̲ʔ	2 males love it 1 male + 1 female love it
tekniyáhse	kninolúkhwa̲ʔ	2 females love it
twakwekú	twanolúkhwa̲ʔ	You all and I love it
yakwakwekú	yakwanolúkhwa̲ʔ	They and I love it
swakwekú	swanolúkhwa̲ʔ	All of you love it
latikwekú	latinolúkhwa̲ʔ	They (males) love it They (males + females) love it
kutikwekú	kutinolúkhwa̲ʔ	They (females) love it

Objective pronominals

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	wakyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with me
isé·	sayʌtelí̲	It is familiar with you
laulhá·	loyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with him
akaulhá·	yakoyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with her
aulhá·	yoyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with it
tetniyáhse	yukniyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with you and I
teyakniyáhse	yukniyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with someone and I
tesniyáhse	sniyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with you two
tehniyáhse	lotiyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with 2 males It is familiar with 1 male + 1 female
tekniyáhse	yotiyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with 2 females
twakwekú	yukwayʌtelí̲	It is familiar with you all and I
yakwakwekú	yukwayʌtelí̲	It is familiar with them and I
swakwekú	swayʌtelí̲	It is familiar with all of you
latikwekú	lotiyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with them (males) It is familiar with them (males + females)
kutikwekú	yotiyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with them (females)

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	waknolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves me
isé·	sanolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves you
laulhá·	lonolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves him
akaulhá·	yakonolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves her
aulhá·	yonolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves it
tetniyáhse	yukninolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves you and I
teyakniyáhse	yukninolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves someone and I
tesniyáhse	sninolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves you two
tehniyáhse	lotinolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves 2 males It loves 1 male + 1 female
tekniyáhse	yotinolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves 2 females
twakwekú	yukwanolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves you all and I
yakwakwekú	yukwanolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves them and I
swakwekú	swanolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves all of you
latikwekú	lotinolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves them (males) It loves them (males + females)
kutikwekú	yotinolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves them (females)

Interactive pronominals

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
I → you	kuyʌtelí̲	I am familiar with you
I → him	liyʌtelí̲	I am familiar with him
I → her	kheyʌtelí̲	I am familiar with her
You → me	skyʌtelí̲	You are familiar with me
You → him	hetshyʌtelí̲	You are familiar with him
You → her	sheyʌtelí̲	You are familiar with her
He → me	lakyʌtelí̲	He is familiar with me
He → you	yayʌtelí̲	He is familiar with you
He → him	loyʌtelí̲	He is familiar with him
He → her	shakoyʌtelí̲	He is familiar with her
She → me	yukyʌtelí̲	She is familiar with me
She → you	yesayʌtelí̲	She is familiar with you
She → him	luwayʌtelí̲	She is familiar with him
She → her	yutatyʌtelí̲	She is familiar with her

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
I → you	kunolúkhwa̲ʔ	I love you
I → him	linolúkhwa̲ʔ	I love him
I → her	khenolúkhwa̲ʔ	I love her
You → me	sknolúkhwa̲ʔ	You love me
You → him	hetshnolúkhwa̲ʔ	You love him
You → her	shenolúkhwa̲ʔ	You love her
He → me	laknolúkhwa̲ʔ	He loves me
He → you	yanolúkhwa̲ʔ	He loves you
He → him	lonolúkhwa̲ʔ	He loves him
He → her	shakonolúkhwa̲ʔ	He loves her
She → me	yuknolúkhwa̲ʔ	She loves me
She → you	yesanolúkhwa̲ʔ	She loves you
She → him	luwanolúkhwa̲ʔ	She loves him
She → her	yutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	She loves her

Reflexive

You can add an additional prefix to a root word to make the root word apply to oneself. For example, knú·wehse̲ʔ means "I like it". Adding the prefix atat before the root word and after the pronominal will translate to "I like myself": katatnú·wehse̲ʔ.

The trickiness comes from the interesting behaviour that arises from adding atat to the root word. Adding this prefix "changes" the root word to use an A-stem.

The audio below only includes the prepausal ending.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	katatnú·wehse̲ʔ	I like myself
isé·	satatnú·wehse̲ʔ	You like yourself
laulhá·	latatnú·wehse̲ʔ	He likes himself
akaulhá·	yutatnú·wehse̲ʔ	She likes herself
aulhá·	watatnú·wehse̲ʔ	It likes itself
tetniyáhse	tyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	You and I like ourselves
teyakniyáhse	yakyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	Someone and I like ourselves
tesniyáhse	tsyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	You two like yourselves
tehniyáhse	hyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	2 males like themselves 1 male + 1 female like themselves
tekniyáhse	kyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	2 females like themselves
twakwekú	twatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	You all and I like ourselves
yakwakwekú	yakwatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	They and I like ourselves
swakwekú	swatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	All of you like yourselves
latikwekú	lutatnú·wehse̲ʔ	They (males) like themselves They (males + females) like themselves
kutikwekú	kutatnú·wehse̲ʔ	They (females) like themselves

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	katatyʌtelí̲	I am familiar with myself
isé·	satatyʌtelí̲	You are familiar with yourself
laulhá·	latatyʌtelí̲	He is familiar with himself
akaulhá·	yutatyʌtelí̲	She is familiar with herself
aulhá·	watatyʌtelí̲	It is familiar with itself
tetniyáhse	tyatatyʌtelí̲	You and I are familiar with ourselves
teyakniyáhse	yakyatatyʌtelí̲	Someone and I are familiar with ourselves
tesniyáhse	tsyatatyʌtelí̲	You two are familiar with yourselves
tehniyáhse	hyatatyʌtelí̲	2 males are familiar with themselves 1 male + 1 female are familiar with themselves
tekniyáhse	kyatatyʌtelí̲	2 females are familiar with themselves
twakwekú	twatatyʌtelí̲	You all and I are familiar with ourselves
yakwakwekú	yakwatatyʌtelí̲	They and I are familiar with ourselves
swakwekú	swatatyʌtelí̲	All of you are familiar with yourselves
latikwekú	lutatyʌtelí̲	They (males) are familiar with themselves They (males + females) are familiar with themselves
kutikwekú	kutatyʌtelí̲	They (females) are familiar with themselves

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	katatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	I love myself
isé·	satatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	You love yourself
laulhá·	latatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	He loves himself
akaulhá·	yutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	She loves herself
aulhá·	watatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	It loves itself
tetniyáhse	tyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	You and I love ourselves
teyakniyáhse	yakyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	Someone and I love ourselves
tesniyáhse	tsyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	You two love yourselves
tehniyáhse	hyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	2 males love themselves 1 male + 1 female love themselves
tekniyáhse	kyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	2 females love themselves
twakwekú	twatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	You all and I love ourselves
yakwakwekú	yakwatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	They and I love ourselves
swakwekú	swatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	All of you love yourselves
latikwekú	lutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	They (males) love themselves They (males + females) love themselves
kutikwekú	kutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	They (females) love themselves

Reciprocal

You can go even further and add yet another prefix to a word to make the word apply between two subjects "in each direction". In English, an example of this is "Someone and I like each other". The term for this is "reciprocal".

To translate this sentence into Oneida, first take the root word for "to like", nuwehseʔ, and apply the reflexive prefix: atatnuwehseʔ. This is now an A-stem word so we can look at the subjective pronominals table to find the corresponding prefix for "Someone and I", which is yaky. So far we have yakyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ, but if you look in the previous section, this means "Someone and I like ourselves". To make it reciprocal, add te at the beginning.

So the result is: teyakyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ.

The audio below only includes the prepausal ending.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
tetniyáhse	tetyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	You and I like each other
teyakniyáhse	teyakyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	Someone and I like each other
tesniyáhse	tetsyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	You two like each other
tehniyáhse	tehyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	2 males like each other 1 male + 1 female like each other
tekniyáhse	tekyatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	2 females like each other
twakwekú	tetwatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	You all and I like each other
yakwakwekú	teyakwatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	They and I like each other
swakwekú	teswatatnú·wehse̲ʔ	All of you like each other
latikwekú	tehutatnú·wehse̲ʔ	They (males) like each other They (males + females) like each other
kutikwekú	tekutatnú·wehse̲ʔ	They (females) like each other

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
tetniyáhse	tetyatatyʌtelí̲	You and I are familiar with each other
teyakniyáhse	teyakyatatyʌtelí̲	Someone and I are familiar with each other
tesniyáhse	tetsyatatyʌtelí̲	You two are familiar with each other
tehniyáhse	tehyatatyʌtelí̲	2 males are familiar with each other 1 male + 1 female are familiar with each other
tekniyáhse	tekyatatyʌtelí̲	2 females are familiar with each other
twakwekú	tetwatatyʌtelí̲	You all and I are familiar with each other
yakwakwekú	teyakwatatyʌtelí̲	They and I are familiar with each other
swakwekú	teswatatyʌtelí̲	All of you are familiar with each other
latikwekú	tehutatyʌtelí̲	They (males) are familiar with each other They (males + females) are familiar with each other
kutikwekú	tekutatyʌtelí̲	They (females) are familiar with each other

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
tetniyáhse	tetyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	You and I love each other
teyakniyáhse	teyakyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	Someone and I love each other
tesniyáhse	tetsyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	You two love each other
tehniyáhse	tehyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	2 males love each other 1 male + 1 female love each other
tekniyáhse	tekyatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	2 females love each other
twakwekú	tetwatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	You all and I love each other
yakwakwekú	teyakwatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	They and I love each other
swakwekú	teswatatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	All of you love each other
latikwekú	tehutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	They (males) love each other They (males + females) love each other
kutikwekú	tekutatnolúkhwa̲ʔ	They (females) love each other

Commands

Here, commands are introduced, which use interactive pronominals. Commands have different pronominals when you ("I") are the subject. These are known as "command form" pronominals.

Commands are only ever stated in the prepausal form as they are always used in cases where they appear by themselves.

-hloli- / -hloly- — tell someone

Phrase	Translation
takhlo·lí̲	(You) Tell me!
takwahlo·lí̲	(All of you) Tell me!
shehlo·lí̲	(You) Tell her!
hetshlo·lí̲	(You) Tell him!

-liʔwanut- / -liʔwanutu- — ask someone

Phrase	Translation
takliʔwanu·túse̲	(You) Ask me!
takwaliʔwanu·túse̲	(All of you) Ask me!
sheliʔwanu·túse̲	(You) Ask her!
hetsliʔwanu·túse̲	(You) Ask him!

Negated Commands

Commands can be negated, too. The regular interactive pronominals are used, as opposed to the command form pronominals. When negating a command, the future tense of the verb must be used, which is indicated with the prefix ʌ. This will be discussed more in module 4.

Takʌ ʌ...hlo·li̲ʔ — don‘t tell someone

Phrase	Translation
Tákʌʔ ʌskhlo·lí̲	(You) Don't tell me!
Tákʌʔ ʌskwahlo·lí̲	(All of you) Don't tell me!
Tákʌʔ ʌshehlo·lí̲	(You) Don't tell her!
Tákʌʔ ʌhetshlo·lí̲	(You) Don't tell him!

Takʌ ʌ...liwanu·túse̲ — don‘t ask someone

Phrase	Translation
Tákʌʔ ʌskliʔwanu·túse̲	(You) Don't ask me!
Tákʌʔ ʌskwaliʔwanu·túse̲	(All of you) Don't ask me!
Tákʌʔ ʌsheliʔwanu·túse̲	(You) Don't ask her!
Tákʌʔ ʌhetsliʔwanu·túse̲	(You) Don't ask him!

Family Members

In Oneida, pronominals are used in combination with kin terms to designate family relations. For example, the kin term ʔkʌha is used for both brother and sister, but the pronominals give the context so a listener knows which one it is. Similarly, nulha is the kin term for mother, aunt, and uncle, but the pronominals give context.

Most of the time, interactive pronominals are used. When the relative is older, you must use the pronominal that corresponds to "relative" → "person". When the relative is younger, use the "person" → "relative" pronominal.

As a more concrete example, to say "my uncle", start with the kin term nulha. My uncle is a male, and is older than me, so look up the pronominal corresponding to "him → me" which is lak. Thus, the translation is laknulhá·.

Similarly, to say "your niece", start with the kin term "uhwatʌha". Look up the pronominal corresponding to "you → her" (because your niece is younger than you) and attach it to the root word. The result is sheyuhwatʌha.

The term "older" is misleading as it doesn‘t exactly mean "age", but it is more to do with "seniority" in the bloodline. Even if your uncle is actually younger than you, you would still use the pronominal for "he → you".

For a number of the kin term pronominals, the first letter has been dropped. This is not specific to this website, but rather a quirk of the language.

Mother

The kin term is nulha and uses mostly objective pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	aknulhá·	My mother
isé·	sanulhá·	Your mother
laulhá·	lonulhá·	His mother
akaulhá·	akonulhá·	Her mother
twakwekú	yukhinulhá·	All of ours's mother
swakwekú	swanulhá·	All of yours's mother

Aunt

The kin term is nulha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	yuknulhá·	My aunt
isé·	yesanulhá·	Your aunt
laulhá·	luwanulhá·	His aunt
akaulhá·	utatnulhá·	Her aunt
twakwekú	yukhinulhá·	All of ours's aunt
swakwekú	yetshinulhá·	All of yours's aunt

Grandmother

The kin term is hsotha and uses mostly possessive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	akhsótha̲	My grandmother
isé·	sahsótha̲	Your grandmother
laulhá·	laohsótha̲	His grandmother
akaulhá·	akohsótha̲	Her grandmother
twakwekú	yukhihsótha̲	All of ours's grandmother
swakwekú	swahsótha̲	All of yours's grandmother

Older sister

The kin term is ʔkʌha and uses mostly interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	yukeʔkʌ́ha̲	My older sister
isé·	yesaʔkʌ́ha̲	Your older sister
laulhá·	luwaʔkʌ́ha̲	His older sister
akaulhá·	akoʔkʌ́ha̲	Her older sister
twakwekú	yukhiʔkʌ́ha̲	All of ours's older sister
swakwekú	yetshiʔkʌ́ha̲	All of yours's older sister

Daughter

The kin term is yʌha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheyʌ́ha̲	My daughter
isé·	sheyʌ́ha̲	Your daughter
laulhá·	shakoyʌ́ha̲	His daughter
akaulhá·	utatyʌ́ha̲	Her daughter
twakwekú	yethiyʌ́ha̲	All of ours's daughter
swakwekú	yetshiyʌ́ha̲	All of yours's daughter

Niece

The kin term is uhwatʌha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheyuhwatʌ́ha̲	My niece
isé·	sheyuhwatʌ́ha̲	Your niece
laulhá·	shakoyuhwatʌ́ha̲	His niece
akaulhá·	utatyuhwatʌ́ha̲	Her niece
twakwekú	yethiyuhwatʌ́ha̲	All of ours's niece
swakwekú	yetshiyuhwatʌ́ha̲	All of yours's niece

Granddaughter

The kin term is atleha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheyatléha̲	My granddaughter
isé·	sheyatléha̲	Your granddaughter
laulhá·	shakotléha̲	His granddaughter
akaulhá·	utatatléha̲	Her granddaughter
twakwekú	yethiyatléha̲	All of ours's granddaughter
swakwekú	yetshiyatléha̲	All of yours's granddaughter

Younger sister

The kin term is ʔkʌha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheʔkʌ́ha̲	My younger sister
isé·	sheʔkʌ́ha̲	Your younger sister
laulhá·	shakoʔkʌ́ha̲	His younger sister
akaulhá·	utateʔkʌ́ha̲	Her younger sister
twakwekú	yethiʔkʌ́ha̲	All of ours's younger sister
swakwekú	yetshiʔkʌ́ha̲	All of yours's younger sister

Great-granddaughter

The kin term is atleʔslʌtuheʔ and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheyatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	My great-granddaughter
isé·	sheyatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	Your great-granddaughter
laulhá·	shakotleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	His great-granddaughter
akaulhá·	utatatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	Her great-granddaughter
twakwekú	yethiyatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	All of ours's great-granddaughter
swakwekú	yetshiyatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	All of yours's great-granddaughter

Father

The kin term is ʔniha and uses mostly interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	lakeʔníha̲	My father
isé·	yaʔníha̲	Your father
laulhá·	loʔníha̲	His father
akaulhá·	akoʔníha̲	Her father
twakwekú	shukwaʔníha̲	All of ours's father
swakwekú	hetswaʔníha̲	All of yours's father

Uncle

The kin term is nulha and uses mostly interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	laknulhá·	My uncle
isé·	yanulhá·	Your uncle
laulhá·	lonulhá·	His uncle
akaulhá·	akonulhá·	Her uncle
twakwekú	shukwanulhá·	All of ours's uncle
swakwekú	hetswanulhá·	All of yours's uncle

Grandfather

The kin term is hsotha and uses mostly interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	lakhsótha̲	My grandfather
isé·	yahsótha̲	Your grandfather
laulhá·	lohsótha̲	His grandfather
akaulhá·	akohsótha̲	Her grandfather
twakwekú	shukwahsótha̲	All of ours's grandfather
swakwekú	hetswahsótha̲	All of yours's grandfather

Older brother

The kin term is ʔkʌha and uses mostly interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	lakeʔkʌ́ha̲	My older brother
isé·	yaʔkʌ́ha̲	Your older brother
laulhá·	loʔkʌ́ha̲	His older brother
akaulhá·	akoʔkʌ́ha̲	Her older brother
twakwekú	shukwaʔkʌ́ha̲	All of ours's older brother
swakwekú	hetswaʔkʌ́ha̲	All of yours's older brother

Son

The kin term is yʌha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	liyʌ́ha̲	My son
isé·	hetshyʌ́ha̲	Your son
laulhá·	loyʌ́ha̲	His son
akaulhá·	luwayʌ́ha̲	Her son
twakwekú	hetniyʌ́ha̲	All of ours's son
swakwekú	hetsniyʌ́ha̲	All of yours's son

Nephew

The kin term is uhwatʌha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	liyuhwatʌ́ha̲	My nephew
isé·	hetshyuhwatʌ́ha̲	Your nephew
laulhá·	lauhwatʌ́ha̲	His nephew
akaulhá·	luwayuhwatʌ́ha̲	Her nephew
twakwekú	hetniyuhwatʌ́ha̲	All of ours's nephew
swakwekú	hetsniyuhwatʌ́ha̲	All of yours's nephew

Grandson

The kin term is atleha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	liyatléha̲	My grandson
isé·	hetshatléha̲	Your grandson
laulhá·	lotléha̲	His grandson
akaulhá·	luwatléha̲	Her grandson
twakwekú	hethyatléha̲	All of ours's grandson
swakwekú	hetshyatléha̲	All of yours's grandson

Younger brother

The kin term is ʔkʌha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	liʔkʌ́ha̲	My younger brother
isé·	hetsheʔkʌ́ha̲	Your younger brother
laulhá·	loʔkʌ́ha̲	His younger brother
akaulhá·	luwaʔkʌ́ha̲	Her younger brother
twakwekú	hetniʔkʌ́ha̲	All of ours's younger brother
swakwekú	hetsniʔkʌ́ha̲	All of yours's younger brother

Great-grandson

The kin term is atleʔslʌtuheʔ and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	liyatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	My great-grandson
isé·	hetshatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	Your great-grandson
laulhá·	lotleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	His great-grandson
akaulhá·	luwatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	Her great-grandson
twakwekú	hethyatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	All of ours's great-grandson
swakwekú	hetshyatleʔslʌ́·tuhe̲ʔ	All of yours's great-grandson

Cousin

The kin term is alaʔse and uses both possessive and objective pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
teyakniyáhse	ukyalá·se̲ʔ	Someone and I are cousins
tesniyáhse	tsyalá·se̲ʔ	You two are cousins
tehniyáhse	lonalá·se̲ʔ	2 males are cousins 1 male + 1 female are cousins
tekniyáhse	yonalá·se̲ʔ	2 females are cousins
twakwekú	ukwalá·se̲ʔ	You all and I are cousins
swakwekú	swalá·se̲ʔ	All of you are cousins

Friend

The base is atʌlo and uses both possessive and objective pronominals. This is technically not a kin term.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
teyakniyáhse	ukyatʌ·ló̲	Someone and I are friends
tesniyáhse	tsyatʌ·ló̲	You two are friends
tehniyáhse	lonatʌ·ló̲	2 males are friends 1 male + 1 female are friends
tekniyáhse	yonatʌ·ló̲	2 females are friends
twakwekú	ukwatʌ·ló̲	You all and I are friends
swakwekú	swatʌ·ló̲	All of you are friends

Family

The root word is -hwatsil- and is a regular noun, so it uses possessive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	akhwa·tsíle̲ʔ	My family
isé·	sahwa·tsíle̲ʔ	Your family
laulhá·	laohwa·tsíle̲ʔ	His family
akaulhá·	akohwa·tsíle̲ʔ	Her family
aulhá·	aohwa·tsíle̲ʔ	Its family
tetniyáhse	uknihwa·tsíle̲ʔ	Our (you and I) family
tesniyáhse	snihwa·tsíle̲ʔ	You two's family
twakwekú	ukwahwa·tsíle̲ʔ	All of ours's family
swakwekú	swahwa·tsíle̲ʔ	All of yours's family
latikwekú	laotihwa·tsíle̲ʔ	Their (males) family Their (males + females) family
kutikwekú	aotihwa·tsíle̲ʔ	Their (females) family

The root word is -atatnuhkw- and uses subjective pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
tetniyáhse	tyatátnuhkwe̲ʔ	You and I are related
teyakniyáhse	yakyatátnuhkwe̲ʔ	Someone and I are related
tesniyáhse	tsyatátnuhkwe̲ʔ	You two are related
tehniyáhse	hyatátnuhkwe̲ʔ	2 males are related 1 male + 1 female are related
tekniyáhse	kyatátnuhkwe̲ʔ	2 females are related
twakwekú	twatátnuhkwe̲ʔ	You all and I are related
yakwakwekú	yakwatátnuhkwe̲ʔ	They and I are related
swakwekú	swatátnuhkwe̲ʔ	All of you are related
latikwekú	lutátnuhkwe̲ʔ	They (males) are related They (males + females) are related
kutikwekú	kutátnuhkwe̲ʔ	They (females) are related

Parents

The kin term is yʌha and uses interactive pronominals.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	yukyʌ́ha̲	My parents
isé·	yesayʌ́ha̲	Your parents
laulhá·	luwayʌ́ha̲	His parents
akaulhá·	shakotiyʌ́ha̲	Her parents
twakwekú	yukhiyʌʔokúha̲	All of ours's parents
swakwekú	yetshiyʌʔokúha̲	All of yours's parents

Children

The kin term is yʌha and uses interactive pronominals. The ending ha gets replaced by ʔokuha for pluralization.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheyoʔokúha̲	My children
isé·	sheyoʔokúha̲	Your children
laulhá·	shakoyʌʔokúha̲	His children
akaulhá·	luwatiyʌʔokúha̲	Her children
twakwekú	yethiyʌʔokúha̲	All of ours's children
swakwekú	yetshiyʌʔokúha̲	All of yours's children

Grandparents

The kin term is hsotha and uses interactive pronominals. The ending a gets replaced by okuha for pluralization.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	yukhsótha̲	My grandparents
isé·	yesahsótha̲	Your grandparents
laulhá·	luwahsótha̲	His grandparents
akaulhá·	shakotihsótha̲	Her grandparents
twakwekú	yukhihsothokúha̲	All of ours's grandparents
swakwekú	yetshihsothokúha̲	All of yours's grandparents

Grandchildren

The kin term is atleha and uses interactive pronominals. The ending ha gets replaced by ʔokuha for pluralization.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheyatleʔokúha̲	My grandchildren
isé·	sheyatleʔokúha̲	Your grandchildren
laulhá·	shakotleʔokúha̲	His grandchildren
akaulhá·	luwʌnatleʔokúha̲	Her grandchildren
twakwekú	yethiyatleʔokúha̲	All of ours's grandchildren
swakwekú	yetshiyatleʔokúha̲	All of yours's grandchildren

Older Siblings

The kin term is ʔkʌha and uses interactive pronominals. The ending ha gets replaced by ʔokuha for pluralization.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	yukeʔkʌʔokúha̲	My older siblings
isé·	yesaʔkʌʔokúha̲	Your older siblings
laulhá·	luwaʔkʌʔokúha̲	His older siblings
akaulhá·	shakotiʔkʌʔokúha̲	Her older siblings
twakwekú	yukhiʔkʌʔokúha̲	All of ours's older siblings
swakwekú	yetshiʔkʌʔokúha̲	All of yours's older siblings

Younger Siblings

The kin term is ʔkʌha and uses interactive pronominals. The ending ha gets replaced by ʔokuha for pluralization.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheʔkʌʔokúha̲	My younger siblings
isé·	sheʔkʌʔokúha̲	Your younger siblings
laulhá·	shakoʔkʌʔokúha̲	His younger siblings
akaulhá·	utateʔkʌʔokúha̲	Her younger siblings
twakwekú	yethiʔkʌʔokúha̲	All of ours's younger siblings
swakwekú	yetshiʔkʌʔokúha̲	All of yours's younger siblings

Aunts and Uncles

The kin term is nulha and uses interactive pronominals. The suffix ʔshuha is added for pluralization.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	yuknulhaʔshúha̲	My aunts & uncles
isé·	yesanulhaʔshúha̲	Your aunts & uncles
laulhá·	luwanulhaʔshúha̲	His aunts & uncles
akaulhá·	shakotinulhaʔshúha̲	Her aunts & uncles
twakwekú	yukhinulhaʔshúha̲	All of ours's aunts & uncles
swakwekú	yetshinulhaʔshúha̲	All of yours's aunts & uncles

Nieces and Nephews

The kin term is uhwatʌha and uses interactive pronominals. The ending ha gets replaced by ʔokuha for pluralization.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	kheyuhwatʌʔokuha̲	My nieces & nephews
isé·	sheyuhwatʌʔokuha̲	Your nieces & nephews
laulhá·	shakonuhwatʌʔokuha̲	His nieces & nephews
akaulhá·	utatyuhwatʌʔokuha̲	Her nieces & nephews
twakwekú	yethiyuhwatʌʔokuha̲	All of ours's nieces & nephews
swakwekú	yetshiyuhwatʌʔokuha̲	All of yours's nieces & nephews

Cousins

The kin term is alaʔse and uses objective pronominals. The suffix shuha is added for pluralization. There is an uncommon case here that occurs when referring to a female's cousins, all of whom are female.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	ukwalaʔsé·shuha̲	My cousins
isé·	swalaʔsé·shuha̲	Your cousins
laulhá·	lonalaʔsé·shuha̲	His cousins
akaulhá·	lonalaʔsé·shuha̲	Her cousins
	onalaʔsé·shuha̲	Her cousins (females only)

Friends

The base is atʌloʔsla and uses objective pronominals. The suffix ʔshuha is added for pluralization. There is an uncommon case here that occurs when referring to a female's friends, all of whom are female.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	ukwatʌloʔslaʔshúha̲	My friends
isé·	swatʌloʔslaʔshúha̲	Your friends
laulhá·	lonatʌloʔslaʔshúha̲	His friends
akaulhá·	lonatʌloʔslaʔshúha̲	Her friends
	onatʌloʔslaʔshúha̲	Her friends (females only)

-unheʔ- — (to be) alive

Below is the paradigm table for -unheʔ-. It is a U-stem root word and uses subjective pronominals.

Phrase	Translation
kúnhe̲ʔ	I am alive
súnhe̲ʔ	You are alive
lúnhe̲ʔ	He is alive
yakúnhe̲ʔ	She is alive
yúnhe̲ʔ	It is alive
tnúnhe̲ʔ	You and I are alive
yaknúnhe̲ʔ	Someone and I are alive
snúnhe̲ʔ	You two are alive
núnhe̲ʔ	2 males are alive 1 male + 1 female are alive
knúnhe̲ʔ	2 females are alive
tyúnhe̲ʔ	You all and I are alive
yakyúnhe̲ʔ	They and I are alive
tsyúnhe̲ʔ	All of you are alive
lʌnúnhe̲ʔ	They (males) are alive They (males + females) are alive
kunúnhe̲ʔ	They (females) are alive

-iheyu- / -ʌheyu- — (to be) dead / (to have) died

Below is the paradigm table for -iheyu- / -ʌheyu-. It is an irregular root word where its stem depends on the pronominal. It can be thought of as a Λ-stem root word for all pronominals except the "me" pronominal, where it is an I-stem root word. In both cases, it uses objective pronominals.

Phrase	Translation
wakiheyú	I am dead; I have died
sʌheyú	You are dead; You have died
lawʌheyú	He is dead; He has died
yakawʌheyú	She is dead; She has died
yawʌheyú	It is dead; It has died
yuknʌheyú	You and I are dead; You and I have died
yuknʌheyú	Someone and I are dead; Someone and I have died
snʌheyú	You two are dead; You two have died
lonʌheyú	2 males are dead; 2 males have died 1 male + 1 female are dead; 1 male + 1 female have died
yonʌheyú	2 females are dead; 2 females have died
yukwʌheyú	You all and I are dead; You all and I have died
yukwʌheyú	They and I are dead; They and I have died
swʌheyú	All of you are dead; All of you have died
lonʌheyú	They (males) are dead; They (males) have died They (males + females) are dead; They (males + females) have died
yonʌheyú	They (females) are dead; They (females) have died

-atukohtu- — to have passed on

Below is the paradigm table for -atukohtu-. It is an A-stem root word and uses objective pronominals.

Phrase	Translation
lotukóhtu̲	He has passed on
yakotukóhtu̲	She has passed on
yotukóhtu̲	It has passed on
lonatukóhtu̲	They (males) have passed on They (males + females) have passed on
yonatukóhtu̲	They (females) have passed on

Deceased Family Members

In Oneida, talking about those who have passed on requires care. An additional suffix is either added on to the end of a word or replaces the last syllable of a word. The rules are:

nulhá· becomes nulhaʔkʌ́
níha becomes nikʌ́
sótha becomes sotkʌ́
kʌ́ha becomes kʌhaʔkʌ́
yʌ́ha becomes yʌhaʔkʌ́
uhwatʌ́ha becomes uhwatʌʔkʌ́
atléha becomes atlehaʔkʌ́
alaʔséha becomes alaʔsehaʔkʌ́
atʌ·ló· becomes atʌloʔkʌ́

Notice that, in many cases, accents, stresses, and lengths move places.

English	Oneida
my late mother	aknulhaʔkʌ́
my late father	lakeʔnikʌ́
my late grandmother	aksotkʌ́
my late grandfather	laksotkʌ́
my late aunt	yuknulhaʔkʌ́
my late uncle	laknulhaʔkʌ́
my late older sister	yukeʔkʌ́haʔkʌ́
my late older brother	lakeʔkʌhaʔkʌ́
my late younger sister(s)	kheʔkʌhaʔkʌ́
my late younger brother	liʔkʌhaʔkʌ́
my late niece(s) & nephew(s)	kheyuhwatʌʔkʌ́
my late nephew	liyuhwatʌʔkʌ́
my late daughter	kheyʌhaʔkʌ́
my late son	liyʌhaʔkʌ́
my late granddaughter(s) / grandchildren	kheyatlehaʔkʌ́
my late grandson	liyatlehaʔkʌ́
my late cousin	ukyalaʔsehaʔkʌ́
my late friend	ukyatʌloʔkʌ́

Numbers

Counting in Oneida can be tricky. It is essential to first learn the numbers from 1 to 10. Then you can use the following rules:

11 - 19: the second digit comes first, followed by yawʌ·lé̲·
20 - 29: tewáhsʌ then the second digit
30 - 99: the first digit, niwáhsʌ̲, then the second digit
100 - 9999: the number of 100s, tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ, then follow the rule above for the last 2 digits

English	Translation
1	úska
2	tékeni̲ tékni
3	áhsʌ̲
4	kayé
5	wisk
6	yá·yak
7	tsyá·tak
8	tékelu̲ʔ tékluʔ
9	wá·telu̲ʔ wá·tluʔ
10	oyé·li̲
11	úska yawʌ·lé̲·
12	tékni yawʌ·lé̲·
13	áhsʌ yawʌ·lé̲·
14	kayé yawʌ·lé̲·
15	wisk yawʌ·lé̲·
16	yá·yak yawʌ·lé̲·
17	tsyá·tak yawʌ·lé̲·
18	tékluʔ yawʌ·lé̲·
19	wá·tluʔ yawʌ·lé̲·
20	tewáhsʌ̲
21	tewáhsʌ úska
22	tewáhsʌ tékeni̲ tewáhsʌ tékni
30	áhsʌ niwáhsʌ̲
40	kayé niwáhsʌ̲
50	wisk niwáhsʌ̲
60	yá·yak niwáhsʌ̲
70	tsyá·tak niwáhsʌ̲
80	tékluʔ niwáhsʌ̲
90	wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ̲
99	wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·telu̲ʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·tluʔ
100	úska tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
101	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska
110	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ oyé·li̲
111	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska yawʌ·lé̲·
120	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ tewáhsʌ̲
130	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ áhsʌ niwáhsʌ̲
140	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ kayé niwáhsʌ̲
150	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wisk niwáhsʌ̲
160	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ yá·yak niwáhsʌ̲
170	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ tsyá·tak niwáhsʌ̲
180	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ tékluʔ niwáhsʌ̲
190	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ̲
199	úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·telu̲ʔ úska tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·tluʔ
200	tékni tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
201	tékni tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska
300	áhsʌ tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
400	kayé tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
500	wisk tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
600	yá·yak tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
700	tsya·ták tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
800	tékluʔ tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
900	wá·tluʔ tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
999	wá·tluʔ tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·telu̲ʔ wá·tluʔ tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·tluʔ
1000	oyé·li tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
1001	oyé·li tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska
1111	úska yawʌ·lé· tewʌʔnyáweluʔ úska yawʌ·lé̲·
1200	tékni yawʌ·lé· tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
1300	áhsʌ yawʌ·lé· tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ
1999	wá·tluʔ yawʌ·lé tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·telu̲ʔ wá·tluʔ yawʌ·lé tewʌʔnyáweluʔ wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·tluʔ
2000	tewáhsʌ tewʌʔnyáwelu̲ʔ

kstʌha — (to be) old

Below is the paradigm table for -kstʌha-. It is a C-stem root word and uses objective pronominals.

Phrase	Translation
wakekstʌ́ha̲	I am old
sakstʌ́ha̲	You are old
lokstʌ́ha̲	He is old
yakokstʌ́ha̲	She is old
yokstʌ́ha̲	It is old
yuknikstʌ́ha̲	You and I are old
yuknikstʌ́ha̲	Someone and I are old
snikstʌ́ha̲	You two are old
lotikstʌ́ha̲	2 males are old 1 male + 1 female are old
yotikstʌ́ha̲	2 females are old
yukwakstʌ́ha̲	You all and I are old
yukwakstʌ́ha̲	They and I are old
swakstʌ́ha̲	All of you are old
lotikstʌ́ha̲	They (males) are old They (males + females) are old
yotikstʌ́ha̲	They (females) are old

kʌʔ nit...yʌha — (to be) young

Below is the paradigm table for kʌʔ nit...yʌha. It is a C-stem root word and uses objective pronominals. It makes use of the diminutive feature.

Phrase	Translation
kʌʔ nitwakyʌ́ha̲	I am young
kʌʔ nitisayʌ́ha̲	You are young
kʌʔ nithoyʌ́ha̲	He is young
kʌʔ nityakoyʌ́ha̲	She is young
kʌʔ nityoyʌ́ha̲	It is young
kʌʔ nityukniyʌ́ha̲	You and I are young
kʌʔ nityukniyʌ́ha̲	Someone and I are young
kʌʔ nitisniyʌ́ha̲	You two are young
kʌʔ nithotiyʌ́ha̲	2 males are young 1 male + 1 female are young
kʌʔ nityotiyʌ́ha̲	2 females are young
kʌʔ nityukwayʌ́ha̲	You all and I are young
kʌʔ nityukwayʌ́ha̲	They and I are young
kʌʔ nitiswayʌ́ha̲	All of you are young
kʌʔ nithotiyʌ́ha̲	They (males) are young They (males + females) are young
kʌʔ nityotiyʌ́ha̲	They (females) are young

Take note of the letter "i" in between the "nit" and the pronominal for the phrases "You are young", "You two are young", and "All of you are young".

naʔ te...ohsliyá·ku̲ — (to be) an age

In Oneida, the more literal translation to say "I am ... years old" is "I have crossed X winters".

Phrase	Translation
naʔ tewakohsliyá·ku̲	I am ... years old
naʔ tesohsliyá·ku̲	You are ... years old
naʔ tehaohsliyá·ku̲	He is ... years old
naʔ teyakaohsliyá·ku̲	She is ... years old
naʔ teyaohsliyá·ku̲	It is ... years old
naʔ teyuknohsliyá·ku̲	You and I are ... years old
naʔ teyuknohsliyá·ku̲	Someone and I are ... years old
naʔ tesnohsliyá·ku̲	You two are ... years old
naʔ tehonohsliyá·ku̲	2 males are ... years old 1 male + 1 female are ... years old
naʔ teyonohsliyá·ku̲	2 females are ... years old
naʔ teyukyohsliyá·ku̲	You all and I are ... years old
naʔ teyukyohsliyá·ku̲	They and I are ... years old
naʔ tetsyohsliyá·ku̲	All of you are ... years old
naʔ tehonohsliyá·ku̲	They (males) are ... years old They (males + females) are ... years old
naʔ teyonohsliyá·ku̲	They (females) are ... years old

As a more concrete example, the Oneida translation for "I am 35 years old" is 35 naʔ tewakohsliyá·ku̲.

Particles

Oneida	English	Examples
akwekú̲	everyone, everything	Akwekú knú·wehse̲ʔ I like everything.
twakwekú̲	you all and I	Twakwekú yethiyʌtelí̲ We all know her.
yakwakwekú̲	they and I	Yakwakwekú yakwanú·wehse̲ʔ They all & I like it.
swakwekú̲	all of you	Swakwekú swanú·wehse̲ʔ You all like it.
latikwekú̲	all of them (males, males/females)	Latikwekú yuknú·wehse̲ʔ They (males) all like me.
kutikwekú̲	all of them (females)	Kutikwekú kutinú·wehse̲ʔ They (females) all like it.
thó	that, there, that thing	Thó ní· knú·wehse̲ʔ That's what I like. Yáh thó tehokhstʌ́ha̲ He's not that old.
átiʔ náhte̲ʔ	anything, whatever	Áti náhteʔ ni·sé· snú·wehseʔ, né· ú·ni knú·wehse̲ʔ Whatever you like, I also like.
áti úhkaʔ	anyone, anybody, whoever	Khenú·wehseʔ kwáh áti úhkaʔ isé· shenú·wehse̲ʔ I like whoever you like.
íhsi nú·	on the other side (of something), more than	Íhsi nú· oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲ He's more than ten years old.
kaló	on this side (of something), less than	Kaló né· oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲ He's less than ten years old.
né· ok	just, only	Né· ok oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲ He's just ten years old.
né· tshá·kat	it is the same, they are the same	Né· kʌ́ tshá·kat kaʔi·kʌ̲́ Are these (things) the same?
tekyattíhʌ̲	it is different, it is uneven	Tekyattihʌ tsiʔ ní·yot thikʌ̲ They are different than that.
tetsyalú̲	both, either, neither	Tetsyalú ni· knú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ̲́ I like both of these.
thóha	almost	Thóha oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲ He's almost ten years old.
tó· ni	How many/much?	Tó· nisahwístayʌ̲ʔ How much money do you have?

Last Names

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	tekhsʌná·se·le̲ʔ	My last name
isé·	tetsʌná·se·le̲ʔ	Your last name
laulhá·	tehahsʌná·se·le̲ʔ	His last name
akaulhá·	teyehsʌná·se·le̲ʔ	Her last name
latikwekú	tehatihsʌná·se·le̲ʔ	Their (males) last name Their (males + females) last name

Examples

English	Oneida
Is Smith your last name?	Smith kʌ́ tetsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
Smith is not my last name	Yáh Smith thaʔtekhsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
Jackson is 50 Cent's last name	Jackson né· tehahsʌná·seleʔ 50 Cent
Knowles is Beyonce's last name	Knowles né· teyehsʌná·seleʔ Beyonce
McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr are the last names of the Beatles	McCartney, Lennon, Harrison kháleʔ Starr né· tehatihsʌná·seleʔ Beatles

About Someone

Note: The website author is unsure of the derivation of this word but it looks like it is comprised of the root word -lihw- which means "issue", a joiner vowel "a", and the locative suffix -ke which means "on" (discussed in module 10.)

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
í·	aklihwá·ke̲	About me
isé·	salihwá·ke̲	About you
laulhá·	laolihwá·ke̲	About him
akaulhá·	akolihwá·ke̲	About her
aulhá·	aolihwá·ke̲	About it
latikwekú	laotilihwá·ke̲	About them (males) About them (males + females)
kutikwekú	aotilihwá·ke̲	About them (females)

Examples

English	Oneida
Do you know anything about me?	Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ náhteʔ ní· aklihwá·ke̲
Tell me a little bit about yourself.	Takhló·li ostúha ni·isé· salihwá·ke̲
What do you know about David?	Náhteʔ né· sanúhteʔ Tá·wit laolihwá·ke̲
Who is this about?	Úhkaʔ náhteʔ né· akolihwá·ke kaʔí·kʌ̲
What's this about?	Náhteʔ aolihwá·ke kaʔi·kʌ̲
I don't like anything about them.	Yáh náhteʔ né· teʔknú·wehseʔ lonulhá· laotilihwá·ke̲

Similar in Appearance

The root word is -yelutal- with the dualic feature and the repetitive feature.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
tetniyáhse	tetsityatyelʌ̲́	You and I look alike
teyakniyáhse	tetsyakyatyelʌ̲́	Someone and I look alike
tesniyáhse	tetsitsyatyelʌ̲́	You two look alike
tehniyáhse	teshyatyelʌ̲́	2 males look alike 1 male + 1 female look alike
tekniyáhse	teskyatyelʌ̲́	2 females look alike
twakwekú	tetsitwatyelʌ̲́	You all and I look alike
yakwakwekú	tetsyakwatyelʌ̲́	They and I look alike
swakwekú	tetsiswatyelʌ̲́	All of you look alike
latikwekú	teshutyelʌ̲́	They (males) look alike They (males + females) look alike
kutikwekú	teskutyelʌ̲́	They (females) look alike

Things that are the same

To say two things are the same, the coincident feature, tshaʔ, is used.

English	Oneida
They are the same	Né· tshá·kat
Are they the same?	Né· kʌ́ tshá·kat
They are not the same	yáh né· tshá·kat té·kʌ
Someone and I are the same age	tshaʔteyuknohsliyá·ku̲
You two are the same age	tshaʔtesnohsliyá·ku̲
We are all the same age	tshaʔteyukyohsliyá·ku̲
You all are the same age	tshaʔtetsyohsliyá·ku̲
They (males) are the same age	tshaʔtehonohsliyá·ku̲
They (females) are the same age	tshaʔteyonohsliyá·ku̲
You and I have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ tetnihsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
Someone and I have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ teʔyaknihsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
You two have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ tehsnihsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
Two males have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ tehnihsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
Two females have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ teknihsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
We all have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ tetwahsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
They and l have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ teyakwahsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
You all have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ tehswahsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
They (males) have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ tehatihsʌná·se·le̲ʔ
They (females) have the same last name	tshaʔteyót tsiʔ tekutihsʌná·se·le̲ʔ

Being Different

These words make use of the semi-reflexive feature.

Pronoun	Phrase	Translation
tetniyáhse	tetyattíhʌ̲	You and I are different
teyakniyáhse	teyakyattíhʌ̲	Someone and I are different
tesniyáhse	tetsyattíhʌ̲	You two are different
tehniyáhse	tehyattíhʌ̲	2 males are different 1 male + 1 female are different
tekniyáhse	tekyattíhʌ̲	2 females are different
twakwekú	tetwattíhʌ̲	You all and I are different
yakwakwekú	teyakwattíhʌ̲	They and I are different
swakwekú	teswattíhʌ̲	All of you are different
latikwekú	tehuttíhʌ̲	They (males) are different They (males + females) are different
kutikwekú	tekuttíhʌ̲	They (females) are different

Dialogue

Here is some dialogue using terminology from module 1 and 2.

Example 1

Tó· naʔtehaohsliyá·ku neʔn yaʔníha̲
Thóha wisk niwáhsʌ naʔtehaohsliyá·ku lakeʔníha̲
To·kʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ tho naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
ʌ́·, tho naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sheyʌtelí né·n sʌ́haʔ kʌʔ nityakoyʌ́ha̲
Sʌ́haʔ kʌʔ nithoyʌ́·ha loʔniha̲ Íhsi nú· né· téklu niwáhsʌ naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Tetsitsyatyelʌ́ kʌ́ neʔn yahsótha̲
Táh. Yáh thaʔtetsyakyatyelʌ̲́ Íhsi nú· wisk niwáhsʌ niyohslaké sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́haʔ tsiʔ ni·yót niʔí·
Shakoyʌtelí kʌ́ akhwa·tsíle̲
Táh, né· ok laulhá laohwa·tsíleʔ shakoyʌtelí̲

Example 2

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ kʌʔ nityakoyʌhaʔ né· yesayʌʔokuha̲ Yaʔníha kʌ́ katʌ sanulhá·
Lakeʔníha sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́haʔ tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn aknulhá·
Tó· nikú sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́ha̲ʔ
Tewáhsʌ niyohslaké sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́ha̲ʔ
E·só· sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́haʔ, wáhi̲
ʌ́·

Example 3

Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ akokstʌ́haʔ né· ukyalaséha Kowáklit tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn tsyalá·séʔ Tu·wís
Táh. Ukyalá·seʔ Tu·wís sʌ́haʔ lokstʌ́haʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· tsyalá·seʔ Kowáklit
Kayé kʌ́ niwáhsʌ naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Táh. Yáh tho tehokstʌ́ha̲ʔ Áhsʌ ok niwáhsʌ wá·tlu naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ tó· naʔteyakaohsliyá·ku né· ukyalasé Kowáklit
Táh. Yáh tewakánuhteʔ, uhkaʔ náhteʔ né· akonulhá·
Yukeʔkʌ́ha Ní·ki neʔn akonulhá·
Tó· sʌ́haʔ akokstʌ́haʔ Ní·ki tsiʔ ni·yót niʔisé̲·
Thohaʔ oyé·li niyohslaké sʌ́haʔ akokstʌ́haʔ tsiʔ ni·yót niʔí·
Yáh yeksá· té·kʌ, wáhi̲
To·kʌ́skeʔ kʌ́
ʌ́·

Translation Exercises

1	Akwekú neʔn teyakwatahnu·téleʔ yesanú·wehse̲ʔ
2	Lawʌheyú kʌ́ neʔn Wílo lohsótha̲
3	Sheyʌtelí kʌ́ úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ neʔn lutátnuhkweʔ Tu·wís
4	Shekú kʌ́ tehnúnheʔ yesayoʔokúha̲
5	Yáh úhkaʔ teʔkheyʌtelí thikʌ́ lutátnuhkweʔ Tshyalé
6	Íhsi kʌ́ nú· né· oyé·li naʔtehaohsliyá·ku né· etsheʔkʌha̲
7	Yáh tehyatátnuhkweʔ Tu·wís kháleʔ tsyalá·seʔ nók tsiʔ teshyatyelʌ́
8	Smith kʌ́ tehnihsʌná·sleʔ né· Tshyalé luwayoʔokuha̲
9	Náhteʔ ok kʌ́ sanúhte né· liʔkʌ́ha laolihwá·ke̲
10	Tó· sʌ́haʔ kʌʔ nithoyʌ·ha né· Kwítel tsiʔ ni·yót niʔisé̲·
11	Latikwekú kaló nʌʔ né· oyé·li naʔtehonohsliyá·ku neʔn luwatiyʌʔokúha̲
12	Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ kʌʔnitisayʌ́ha tsiʔ ni·yót swatʌloʔshúha̲
13	Yáh úhkaʔ náhteʔ teyuknú·wehseʔ né· yaʔníha laohwa·tsíle̲ʔ
14	Tákʌʔ ʌshehlo·lí· yukeʔkʌ́ha tsiʔ yakawʌheyú né· yonatʌ·ló͟·
15	Yáh thaʔtetsitsyatyelʌ́ né· tsyalá·seʔ Kwítel
16	Shekú kʌ́ tehnúnheʔ né· Tá·wet luwayʌ́ha̲
17	Akwekú luwanú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lokstʌ́ha̲
18	Yáh thaʔteyakyatatyʌtelí né· tsyalá·seʔ Wílo
19	To niyohslaké sʌ́haʔ kʌʔnitho·yʌ́· neʔn yanulhá· tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn yaʔníha̲
20	Akwekú kʌ́ shakoyʌtelí neʔn sheyatleʔokúha̲
21	Her granddaughter is less than 10 years old.
22	Is your cousin Paul younger than you?
23	I don't know all of your younger sisters.
24	Her late grandmother's name is Ellen.
25	What are your brothers' and sisters' names?
26	Is Margaret's older sister still alive?
27	My parents don't know your parents.
28	Is your late grandfather's name Joe?
29	He doesn't know anyone in my uncle's family.
30	My niece is just eight years younger than me.
31	He's almost 50 years old, he's not that young.
32	John's parents are not alive. They're dead.
33	What is Mary's granddaughter's last name?
34	Tell us who you are related to.
35	How much older is your older sister than you?
36	Are you related to that young good- looking woman named Kathy?
37	How many of his kids are still alive?
38	Who do you look like in your family?
39	She doesn't know me but she still doesn't like me.
40	Do my parents and your parents know one another?

Module 2

New verbs

Subjective pronominals

Objective pronominals

Interactive pronominals

Reflexive

Reciprocal

Commands

-hloli- / -hloly- — tell someone

-liʔwanut- / -liʔwanutu- — ask someone

Negated Commands

Takʌ ʌ...hlo·li̲ʔ — don‘t tell someone

Takʌ ʌ...liwanu·túse̲ — don‘t ask someone

Family Members

Mother

Aunt

Grandmother

Older sister

Daughter

Niece

Granddaughter

Younger sister

Great-granddaughter

Father

Uncle

Grandfather

Older brother

Son

Nephew

Grandson

Younger brother

Great-grandson

Cousin

Friend

Family

Related

Parents

Children

Grandparents

Grandchildren

Older Siblings

Younger Siblings

Aunts and Uncles

Nieces and Nephews

Cousins

Friends

-unheʔ- — (to be) alive

-iheyu- / -ʌheyu- — (to be) dead / (to have) died

-atukohtu- — to have passed on

Deceased Family Members

Numbers

kstʌha — (to be) old

kʌʔ nit...yʌha — (to be) young

naʔ te...ohsliyá·ku̲ — (to be) an age

Particles

Last Names

Examples

About Someone

Examples

Similar in Appearance

Things that are the same

Being Different

Dialogue

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

Translation Exercises