Learn Oneida

Module 1

This page is undergoing a rewrite of sorts. There is missing content and other content is subject to change.

Introduction

This module assumes a knowledge of the terms "pronominal", "root word", "stem", and "paradigm", all of which are discussed on the introduction page.

Pronominals

English Pronouns

English has 21 pronouns that standalone and are separate words:
Subjective SetObjective SetPossessive Set
Imemy
youyouyour
hehimhis
sheherher
ititits
weusour
theythemtheir
Oneida has two kinds of pronouns: standalone and bound.

Standalone Pronouns

Standalone pronouns are words you‘ll find that stand alone in a sentence. The standalone pronouns are:
TranslationEnglish
í·
I / Me
isé·
You
né·
It
laulhá·
He / Him
akaulhá·
She / Her
aulhá·
It
lonulhá·
They / Them (males, mix of males and females)
onulhá·
They / Them (females)

Bound Pronouns

Bound pronouns must be attached to a word. There are roughly 80 of these, which can be broken down into four groups:
  1. Subjective (Red)
  2. Objective (Blue)
  3. Possessive (Light Blue)
  4. Person-to-Person (Purple)
The last group, Person-to-Person, refers to a group of pronouns that do not have an English counterpart. Each of these groups are colour-coded to help you identify pronouns within words.
Below you‘ll see a paradigm chart for each stem for each of the groups above, as well as tables that show all pronouns for each group.
From here on, we will refer to pronouns as pronominals, which is an abbreviation of "pronominal prefix". This is a linguistics term.
While you should end up learning all of the following paradigms, it is best to prioritize paradigms for C-stem and A-stem words as they are the most common.

Subjective Pronominals (Red)

Here is the full table of the pronominals on their own.
ENC-stemA-stemI-stemE-stem
Λ-stem		O-stem
U-stem
I
k
ik
4
ke
3
k
k
k
k
You
s
ts
5
it
6
hse
2
3
hs
2
ts
hs
2
hs
2
hs
2
He
la
l
lʌ
1
hl
2
hl
2
She
ye
yu
1
ye
1
yak
yak
It
ka
w
kʌ
1
w
y
You and I
tni
ty
tn
tn
tn
Someone and I
yakni
yaky
yakn
yakn
yakn
You two
sni
tsy
sn
sn
sn
Two males
hni
2
hy
2
hn
2
hn
2
hn
2
Two females
kni
ky
kn
kn
kn
You all and I
twa
tw
twʌ
1
tw
ty
They and I
yakwa
yakw
yakwʌ
1
yakw
yaky
All of you
swa
sw
swʌ
1
sw
tsy
They (males)
lati
lu
1
latlʌn
lʌn
lʌn
They (females)
kuti
ku
1
kutkun
kun
kun

Objective Pronominals (Blue)

ENC-stemA-stemI-stemE-stem
Λ-stem		O-stem
U-stem
I
wak
wake
3
wak
wak
wak
wak
You
sa
s
sʌ
1
s
s
He
lo
lo
1
lo
1
law
la
She
yako
yako
1
yako
1
yakaw
yaka
It
yo
yo
1
yo
1
yaw
ya
You and I
yukni
yuky
yukn
yukn
yukn
Someone and I
yukni
yuky
yukn
yukn
yukn
You two
sni
tsy
sn
sn
sn
Two males
loti
lon
lot
lon
lon
Two females
yoti
yon
yot
yon
yon
You all and I
yukwa
yukw
yukwʌ
1
yukw
yuky
They and I
yukwa
yukw
yukwʌ
1
yukw
yuky
All of you
swa
sw
swʌ
1
sw
tsy
They (males)
loti
lon
lot
lon
lon
They (females)
yoti
yon
yot
yon
yon

Person-to-Person Pronominals (Purple)

ENC-stemA-stemI-stemE-stem
Λ-stem		O-stem
U-stem
I → you
ku
kuy
ku
1
kuy
kuy
I → him
li
liy
l
liy
liy
I → her
I → someone
I → them
khe
khey
khe
1
khey
khey
I → you two
kni
ky
kn
kn
kn
I → all of you
They & I → you
kwa
kw
kwʌ
1
kw
ky
You → me (command form)
tak
take
3
takw
tak
tak
tak
You → me
sk
ske
3
skw
sk
sk
sk
You → him
hetsh
2
hetshe
2
3
hetsh
2
hetsh
2
hetsh
2
hetsh
2
You → her
You → someone
You → them
she
shey
she
1
shey
shey
You → them & I
All of you → me
skwa
skw
skwʌ
1
skw
sky
2
All of you → me (command form)
takwa
takw
takwʌ
1
takw
taky
You and I → him
hethni
2
hety
2
hethn
2
hethn
2
hethn
2
You and I → her
You all and I → her
You and I → someone
You all and I → someone
You and I → them
You all and I → them
yethi
yethiy
yeth
yethiy
yethiy
You two → me (command form)
takni
taky
takn
takn
takn
You two → me
skni
sky
skn
skn
skn
You two → him
He → you two
hetsni
2
hetsy
2
hetsn
2
hetsn
2
hetsn
2
You all & I → him
hethwa
2
hethw
2
hethwʌ
1
2
hethw
2
hety
2
All of you → me
skwa
skw
skwʌ
1
skw
sky
All of you → him
He → all of you
hetswa
hetsw
hetswʌ
1
hetsw
hetsy
He → me
lak
lake
3
lakw
lak
lakw
lak
He → you
hya
2
hy
2
hyʌ
1
2
hyay
2
hyay
2
He → him
lo
lo
1
lo
1
law
la
He → her
He → someone
He → them
shako
shako
1
shako
1
shakaw
shaka
He → you and I
shukni
shuky
shukn
shukn
shukn
He → you all and I
shukwa
shukw
shukwʌ
1
shukw
shuky
She → me
They → me
yuk
yuke
3
yukw
yuk
yukw
yuk
She → you
They → you
yesa
yes
yesʌ
1
yes
yesay
She → him
They → him
luwa
luw
luwʌ
1
luw
luway
She → her
They → her
yutat
yutate
3
yutat
yutat
yutat
yutat
She → it
kuwa
kuw
kuwʌ
1
kuw
kuway
She → you two
She → all of you
They → you two
They → all of you
You two → her
You two → them
All of you → her
All of you → them
yetshi
yetshiy
yetshi
yetshiy
yetshiy
She → them (males, mix)
They → them (males, mix)
luwati
luwʌn
luwat
luwʌn
luwʌn
She → them (females)
They → them (females)
kuwati
kuwʌn
kuwat
kuwʌn
kuwʌn
Someone and I → him
shakni
shaky
shakn
shakn
shakn
They and I → him
shakwa
shakw
shakwʌ
1
shakw
shaky
Someone and I → her
Someone and I → them
They and I → her
They and I → them
yakhi
yakhiy
yakh
yakhiy
yakhiy
They → you and I
They → them and I
yukhi
yukhiy
yukh
yukhiy
yukhiy
They (males, mix) → her
They (males, mix) → them
shakoti
shakon
shakot
shakon
shakon
They (males, mix) → her
They (males, mix) → them
yakoti
yakon
yakot
yakon
yakon

Possessive Pronominals (Light Blue)

ENC-stemA-stemI-stemE-stem
Λ-stem		O-stem
U-stem
I
ak
ake
3
akw
ak
akw
ak
You
sa
s
sʌ
1
s
s
He
lao
lao
1
lao
1
law
la
She
ako
ako
1
ako
1
akaw
ak
It
ao
ao
1
ao
1
aw
y
You and I
ukni
uky
ukn
ukn
ukn
You two
sni
tsy
sn
sn
sn
You all and I
ukwa
ukw
ukwʌ
1
ukw
uky
All of you
swa
sw
swʌ
1
sw
tsy
They (males)
laoti
laon
laonlaot
laon
laon
They (females)
aoti
aon
aonaot
aon
aon

Exceptions

Exception 1

The vowel with a squiggly underline replaces the leading vowel of the root word.
As an example, let‘s look at the A-stem column in the red pronominals table, and use the root word attokhaʔ. The translation for "she is wise" without this replacement rule would be yuattokhaʔ. yua is not a sound in Oneida so we instead change it to yu. Therefore the translation is yuttókhaʔ.

Exception 2

The h is not written or pronounced when nothing is attached in front of the pronominal. However, when anything is attached to the front of the pronominal, the h is written and pronounced. Example: snú·wehse̲ʔ and yáh tehsnú·wehse̲ʔ.

Exception 3

The letter e only appears on root words that begin with a double consonant or a glottal stop.
Examples are needed for this exception.

Exception 4

The ik prefix is attached to most (but not all) single syllable roots. The i in ik is used only occasionally. The i disappears when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Example: íkyʌheʔ and yáh té·kyʌheʔ.

Exception 5

The prefix ts is attached to all roots beginning with y and i. The t disappears and is replaced by h when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Examples:

Exception 6

The prefix it is attached to all roots beginning with hs and the i disappears when anything is attached in front of the prefix. Example: ítshaʔas and yáh tetsháʔas. Additionally, the h shifts over.

Stress and Accents

Stress is the term we use to describe the way we emphasize one part of a word when we say it aloud. An accent is the mark we place over the syllable that is being stressed / emphasized. The accent mark is always written over the vowel in the syllable being stressed. We never write accent marks over consonants. There are two kinds of stress:

Short stress

Short stress is indicated by an upstress mark ́ over the vowel being stressed. Vowels with short stress are pronounced slightly louder and with a rising tone of voice. The vowel is the same length as other vowels in the word.
Examples:

Long stress

Long stress is indicated by an upstress mark   ́  over the vowel followed by a middle dot · or a colon :. Vowels with a long stress are pronounced slightly louder and noticeably longer than other vowels in the same word.
Examples:

Length

Length is indicated by a middle dot · or a colon :. Vowels are noticeably longer than other vowels in the same word.
Although people from the southern U.S. use long vowels in their speech, English speakers in most of the U.S. and Canada do not. They speak using short stress on basically all their words. This contrasts with Oneida which frequently uses long stress to properly say a word. This means that students will have to begin using long stress much more often. Oneida spoken with only short, stressed vowels sounds "American."
English speakers in this part of the country do use long stress, but usually for emphasis or to convey emotion. Being sarcastic they might say: "Well, excuuuuuse me."
Students should not stress or lengthen prefixes, roots, suffixes, particles, or whole words to convey emphasis or emotion because these are conveyed through word choice or word order. In English, speakers raise their inflection to change a statement into a question, as in: "He likes her." versus "He likes her?". Oneida speakers should not raise their inflection when asking questions, as in: Shakonú·wehseʔ kʌ́ né· akaulhá·

Where stress occurs

There are two rules regarding stress:
  1. Every word that has more than one vowel / syllable has a stress (accent).
  2. Only one vowel / syllable in a word can be stressed.
The most frequent placement for stress is on the second-to-last syllable of a word, for example niwáhsʌ. However, there are many exceptions to this!

Glottal Stops

A common feature of Oneida is the glottal stop indicated in writing by an apostrophe (‘) or the symbol ʔ. A glottal stop occurs when a speaker abruptly "cuts" the end off a vowel by stopping air and sound coming out of their throat. We use glottal stops in speaking English all the time, but we are unaware of them and do not write them.
Example: In English, "uh-oh." has a glottal stop. The glottal stop occurs after the "uh" and before the "oh." Many people also glottalize the double-t in words like kitten, so that they say "kiʔten." Examples of Oneida words with glottal stops are:
Sometimes a vowel with a glottal stop is given a short or a long stress. Examples:

The Letter H

An important feature of Oneida is the letter H, which works the same way as it does in English, with breath coming out of a speaker‘s throat but no sound. English speakers are not aware of how many times they say an H when they speak, and they don't write all the Hs they say. For example, they say an H (a breath but no sound) in the words “king,” “queen,” “top”, and “tie” but they don‘t hear the H and they don‘t write it.
In Oneida we write all the Hs that follow Ks and Ts. Example:
We also write most of the Hs that occur after a vowel and before a consonant. Examples:
Not all of the Hs that are spoken in a word get written by all speakers, however. It seems to be a matter of personal preference.

Prepausal Endings

This is a unique feature of Oneida where most, almost all, words are spoken slightly differently when the word is at the end of a sentence, or if it is the only word in a sentence. There are three kinds of prepausal endings. The last syllable is either:
  1. cut off, which may affect the pronunciation of the syllable in front
  2. replaced by a different syllable, which affects its spelling
  3. whispered
All prepausal endings are indicated with an underline on the vowel of the last syllable, as seen below. When the word is at the end of a sentence, it is said to be in its "prepausal form". Otherwise, the word is in its "medial form".

Cut-off Endings

This is the most common kind of prepausal ending. The last syllable will be cut off, which may affect the pronunciation of the preceding syllable. It may also affect where the stress (emphasis) occurs.

Replaced Syllable

This is not too common, and mostly occurs with words that end with an "L" sound. This affects the spelling of the word, too. Therefore, you will two written versions of the word, depending on where the word occurs in the sentence.

Whispered Syllables

These are commonly referred to as a "whispered ending". This is probably the least common kind of prepausal ending. The last syllable is still pronounced but it is whispered.

Examples

Tó· nikanutó·tslake̲
Wá·telu̲ʔ
To· nikú ʌtehsla·kó̲·
Ahsʌ̲
Tó· naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Wá·tluʔ naʔtehaohsliyá·ku̲
Tó· naʔteyakohsliyá·ku né· saksotha̲
Wá·tluʔ niwáhsʌ wá·telu̲ʔ

yat — be named

The root word, -yat-, means "to be named". It is a C-stem (becuase the first letter is a consonant) that uses purple pronominals.
PhraseTranslation
yukyáts
They call Me ...
yesa·yáts
They call You ...
luwa·yáts
They call Him ...
yutatyáts
They call Her ...
kuwa·yáts
They call It ...
luwati·yáts
They call Them (males) ...
kuwati·yáts
They call Them (females) ...
As a concrete example, the phrase Bob ni· yukyáts translates to "Bob is my name". Using the purple pronominals table above, one can see yuk in the C-stem column corresponds to the direction "They → me". Thus, this phrase can literaly be translated as "They name me Bob". Colloquially we translate this as "They call me Bob".
Some root words can only take certain kinds of pronominals (e.g. purple, red, blue), while other root words can use multiple.

anuhte — to know

The root word, -anuht(e)-, means "to know". It is an A-stem (becuase the first letter is "A") that uses blue pronominals.
PhraseTranslation
wakanúhte̲ʔ
I know
sanúhte̲ʔ
You know
lonúhte̲ʔ
He knows
yakonúhte̲ʔ
She knows
yonúhte̲ʔ
It knows
yukyanúhte̲ʔ
You and I know
yukyanúhte̲ʔ
Someone and I know
tsyanúhte̲ʔ
You two know
lonanúhte̲ʔ
Two males know
yonanúhte̲ʔ
Two females know
yukwanúhte̲ʔ
You all and I know
yukwanúhte̲ʔ
They and I know
swanúhte̲ʔ
All of you know
lonanúhte̲ʔ
They (males) know
yonanúhte̲ʔ
They (females) know

Particles

Particles are words that can only occur in one form. They cannot be conjugated in any way. Particles can be tricky, as different particles combined together may form a new particle with a distinct meaning. For example, náhteʔ means "what", ok means "just", but náhteʔ ok means "something".
OneidaEnglishExamples
kwáh tsiʔ niyot
like, just like
Kunú·wehseʔ kwáh tsiʔ niyot isé· sknú·wehseʔ niʔi
I like you just like you like me.
kwáh ikʌ́· tsiʔ
very much
Kwáh i·kʌ́ tsiʔ kninú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· né· Só·s khále Alísakwe
Susan and Elizabeth like this very much.
akwekú
everyone, everybody, everything
Yáh akwekú teʔsanúhte̲ʔ
You don't know everything.
Akwekú lanú·wehse̲ʔ
He likes everything.
Akwekú shukwanú·wehse̲ʔ
He likes all of us.
e·só·
a lot
Esó· yukhinú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ akokhstʌ́ha̲
That old woman likes us a lot.
ʌ́·
yes
kátiʔ
ok né·n
so then
Oh káti niʔí·
So then, what about me?
Ok né·n niʔí·
So then, what about me?
tá·thuni
or
Yáh teʔwakanúhteʔ tá·tkʌ Kwítel tá·thuni Tshyalé luwa·yáts
I don't know if his name is Peter or Charlie.
kʌ́
Used to indicate a question
Tshyalé kʌ́ luwa·yáts né·n laulhá·
Is his name Charlie?
kaʔi·kʌ̲̲́·
this
Akwekú kʌ́ latinú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· lotikhstʌʔokúha̲
Do all of the old men like this?
náhteʔ
what
Knú·wehseʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ snú·wehse̲ʔ
I like what (it is that) you like.
náhteʔ ok
something, anything
Náhteʔ ok kʌ́ yakonúhteʔ né· yeksá·
Does the girl know anything?
nʌʔ né·
it is
Wílo nʌʔ né·
It's William.
nók tsiʔ
but
Laknú·wehseʔ niʔí· nók tsiʔ yáh né· tehinú·wehse̲ʔ
He likes me but I don't like him.
kháleʔ
and
Lokhstʌ́ha kháleʔ né·n laksá· ninú·wehse̲ʔ
The old man and the boy like it.
uní
also, too, as well as, either
Yeyaʔtaséha uní yesanú·wehse̲ʔ
The young woman also likes you.
oyá
other, else, another
Lanú·wehseʔ kʌ́ né· oyá· laksá·
Does the other boy like it?
oh
a particle used to ask What? Why? and How? questions
Oh náhte yesa·yáts
What is your name?
oh ni·yót
How?
Oh ni·yót tsiʔ yakonúhteʔ né·n Wa·li
How does Mary know that?
ostú·ha̲
a little bit
Ostú·ha yakninú·wehse i· kháleʔ Kwítel
Peter and I like it a little bit.
ok
just, only
Tá·wet ok linúwehse̲ʔ
I only like David.
ostúhaʔ ok
just a little bit
Ostúhaʔ ok khenú·wehseʔ né· thikʌ́ latinikʌhtluʔokuha̲
I like those young men just a little bit.
úhkaʔ náhteʔ
who
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ thikʌ́ lú·kwe̲ʔ
Who is that man?
Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ úhkaʔ náhteʔ thikʌ̲̲́
Do you know who that is?
úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ
someone, somebody
Úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ luwanú·wehse̲ʔ
Someone likes him.
(kwah) otokú· tsiʔ
certainly, for sure
Kwah otokú· tsiʔ khenú·wehseʔ né· Só·s
I certainly like Susan.
náhteʔ oyá·
something else, anything else
Yáh náhteʔ ó·ya teyakonúhte̲ʔ
She doesn't know anything else.
sʌ́haʔ
more
Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ yenú·wehseʔ né· kaʔi·kʌ̲̲́
Does she like this more?
sʌ́haʔ ... tsiʔ ni·yót
more than
Sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ né· Tá·wet tsiʔ ni·yót né· Tshyalé
I like David more than Charlie.
shekú
still, yet, again
Shekú yáh teʔkhenú·wehseʔ né· akaulhá·
I still don't like her.
shekú o·yá·
another one, yet another
Shekú oyá· yakukwé yesanú·wehse̲ʔ
Yet another woman likes you.
thikʌ̲̲́
that, that one, that thing
Swanú·wehseʔ kʌ́ thikʌ̲̲́
Do you all like that?
to·káh
I dunno
to·kʌśke̲ʔ
true, it is true
To·kʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ yáh teʔsknúwehse̲ʔ
Is it true that you don't like me?
tá·t
if
Yáh teʔwakanúhteʔ tá·t Kwítel luwa·yáts né·n laulhá·
I don't know if his name is Peter.
tsiʔ
that, there, when, to, at
Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ yáh teʔyesanú·wehse̲ʔ
Do you know that she doesn't like you?
Knú·wehseʔ tsiʔ isé· sknú·wehse̲ʔ.
I like it that you like me.
tsiʔ náhteʔ
what (it is)
Yáh teʔwakanúhteʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ snú·wehse̲ʔ
I don't know what you like.
wáhi̲
Isn't it? Innit? Eh?
Wá·li yutátyats né· akaulhá·, wáhi̲
Her name is Mary, isn't it?
táh
no
yáh kiʔ sótsi
not that much, not so much
Yáh kiʔ sótsi tehetshnú·wehseʔ, wáhi̲
You don't like him that much, do you?
yáh úhkaʔ
no one, nobody
Yáh úhkaʔ tehuwanú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lanikʌhtlúha̲
No one likes that young man.
yáh náhteʔ
nothing, not anything
Yáh ... té·kʌ
not (a fact), not (true)
Yáh to·kʌ́skeʔ té·kʌ
That's not true.
Yáh Wali té·kʌ
That's not Mary.
Ta·ím
no way (slang)

People

It is important to understand that the translations for two or more people are not literal. tehniská· is not the literal translation for "2 boys" — that is tehniyáhse tehniská·. You can learn more about this in the "Counting" article which is part of module 3.

Children

EnglishTranslation
1 boy
laksá·
2 boys
1 boy + 1 girl
tehniksá·
3+ boys
Mix of boys and girls
latiksaʔshúha̲
1 girl
yeksá·
2 girls
tekniksá·
3+ girls
kutiksaʔshúha̲

Adolescents

EnglishTranslation
1 young man
lanikʌtlúha̲
2 young men
tehninikʌtlúha̲
3+ young men
latinikʌtluʔokúha̲
1 young woman
yeyaʔtaséha̲
2 young women
tekniyaʔtaséha̲
3+ young women
kutiyaʔtaseʔokúha̲

Adults

EnglishTranslation
1 man
lu·kwé̲·
2 men
1 man + 1 woman
tehnu·kwé̲·
3 men
Mix of men and women
lʌnu·kwé̲·
1 woman
yaku·kwé̲·
2 women
teknu·kwé̲·
3+ women
kunu·kwé̲·

Older people

Note: These words do not mean "old people", "seniors", "elders", etc. They mean people that are older than the speaker. Thus, these words are not commonly used in this context (as nouns). Instead, they are used as verbs. You can learn more about this in the "Age" article which is part of module 2.
EnglishTranslation
1 older man
lokstʌ́ha̲
2 older men
1 older man + 1 older woman
lotikstʌ́ha̲
3+ older men
Mix of older men and older women
lotikstʌhokúha̲
1 older woman
akokstʌ́ha̲
2 older women
yotikstʌ́ha̲
3+ older women
yotikstʌhokúha̲

English Names

EnglishTranslation
Aaron
Alʌ́t
Abraham
Á·kwilut
Albert
Tsiʔtwʌlu
Charlie
Tshyalé
David
Tá·wet
George
Tsyáts
Jerry
Tshéle
John
Sawatís
Kenny
Kénniha
Matthew
Máthyu
Nicholas
Níklas
Peter
Kwítel
Richard
Lítsyet
Thomas
Tu·wís
William
Wílo
Christine
Kristin
Klistí·n
Delores
Tsiló·s
Elizabeth
Aliskwe
Alísakwe
Katherine
Katlí·n
Margret
Kwáklit
Kowáklit
Martha
Máhtih
Mary
Wá·li
Nellie
Amelia
Ní·ki
Rachel
Lá·kel
Sara
Sá·lʌ̲
Susan
Só·s

Dialogue

Here is some dialogue using what was covered on this page. Some parts of this dialogue are a bit contrived but it should help you with understanding what has been covered.

Example 1

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ niʔí·
Kwítel niʔisé̲·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ niʔisé̲·
Wá·li niʔí·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ neʔn laulhá·
Tá·wet neʔn laulhá·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ neʔn akaulhá·
Klistí·n neʔn akaulhá·
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ nʌʔ né·
Kwítel nʌʔ né·

Example 2

Tshyalé kʌ́ niʔí·
Λ́·, Tshyalé niʔisé̲·
Wá·li kʌ́ niʔisé̲·
Λ́·, Wá·li niʔí·
Tá·wet kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·
Λ́·, Tá·wet neʔn laulhá·
Klistí·n kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·
Λ́·, Klistí·n neʔn akaulhá·

Example 3

Í· kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé
Λ́·, isé· né· Tshyalé
Isé· kʌ́ neʔn Wá·li
Λ́·, í· né· Wá·li
Laulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Tá·wet
Λ́·, laulhá· né· Tá·wet
Akaulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Ní·ki
Λ́·, akaulhá· né· Ní·ki

Example 4

Wá·li kʌ́ niʔí·
Táh
Yáh Wá·li té·kʌ nisé·
Só·s niʔisé̲·
Tshyalé kʌ́ niʔisé̲·
Táh
Yáh Tshyalé té·kʌ niʔí·
Wá·li niʔí·
Wílo kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·
Táh
Yáh Wílo té·kʌ neʔn laulhá·
Tá·wet neʔn laulhá·
Lá·kel kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·
Táh
Yáh Lá·kel té·kʌ neʔn akaulhá·
Só·s neʔn akaulhá·

Example 5

Í· kʌ́ neʔn Wá·li
Táh
Yáh Wá·li té·kʌ niʔisé̲·
Só·s ni·sé·
Isé· kʌ́ neʔn Tu·wís
Táh
Yáh Tu·wís té·kʌ niʔí·
Wílo niʔí·
Laulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé
Táh
Yáh Tshyalé té·kʌ neʔn laulhá·
Ta·wet neʔn laulhá·
Akaulhá· kʌ́ neʔn Ní·ki
Táh
Yáh Ní·ki té·kʌ neʔn akaulhá·
Só·s neʔn akaulhá·

Example 6

Sknú·wehseʔ kʌ́ niʔí·
Λ́·, kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé̲·
Kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé· kwáh ne·n tsiʔ niyot sknú·wehseʔ niʔí·
Etsnú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn laulhá·
Λ́·, linú·wehseʔ né· laulhá·
Etsnú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Wílo
Λ́·, linú·wehseʔ né· Wílo
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn akaulhá·
Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· akaulhá·
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Kowaklít
Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· Kowaklít
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn lonulhá·
Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· lonulhá·
Shenú·wehseʔ kʌ́ neʔn Beatles
Λ́·, khenú·wehseʔ né· Beatles

Example 7

I·sé· kʌ́ sknú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, í· kunú·wehse̲ʔ
laulhá· kʌ́ etsnú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, laulhá· linú·wehse̲ʔ
Kwítel kʌ́ etsnú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, Kwítel linú·wehse̲ʔ
Akaulhá· kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, akaulhá· khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Kowaklit kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, Kowaklít khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Lonulhá· kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, lonulhá· khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Rolling Stones kʌ́ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Λ́·, Rolling Stones khenú·wehse̲ʔ

Example 8

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ khenú·wehseʔ
Í· sknú·wehse̲ʔ
Kwítel etsnú·wehse̲ʔ
Klistí·n shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Beatles shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Isé· kunú·wehse̲ʔ
Kwítel linú·wehse̲ʔ
Klistí·n khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Beatles khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Akwekú khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Háti úhkaʔ ok náhteʔ niʔisé· shenú·wehseʔ, í· khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Úhkaʔ oyá· shenú·wehse̲ʔ
Rolling Stones ú·niʔ khenú·wehse̲ʔ
Úhkaʔ shakonú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel
Í· laknú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel
I·sé· yanú·wehseʔ né· Kwítel
Úhkaʔ oyá· shakonú·wehseʔ neʔn Kwítel
Rolling Stones oniʔ shakonú·wehseʔ neʔn Kwítel
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ yutatnú·wehseʔ neʔn Só·s
Í· yuknú·wehseʔ neʔn Só·s
I·sé· yesanú·wehseʔ né· Só·s

Example 9

Náhte snú·wehse̲ʔ
Kaʔikʌ́ knú·wehse̲ʔ
Thikʌ́· knú·wehse̲ʔ
Akwekú knú·wehse̲ʔ
Háti náhte ne·n isé· snú·wehseʔ, í· ú·ni knú·wehse̲ʔ

Example 10

Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ Beatles tá·thuniʔ Rolling Stones
Beatles sʌ́haʔ khenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Rolling Stones
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né·n Rolling Stones
Beatles sʌ́haʔ khenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Rolling Stones
Úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles
Yáh úhkaʔ náhteʔ sʌ́haʔ teʔkhenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles
Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ shenú·wehseʔ neʔn Beach Boys tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Beatles
Táh. Yáh sʌ́haʔ tekhenú·wehseʔ né· Beach Boys tsiʔ ni·yót né· Beatles
Sʌ́haʔ kʌ́ etsnú·wehseʔ neʔn Nelson Mandela tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Stephen Harper
Λ́·, kwáh ikʌ́ tsiʔ sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ Nelson Mandela tsiʔ ni·yót neʔn Stephen Harper
Úhka ó·ya sʌ́haʔ shenú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né· Stephen Harper
Tom Porter uní sʌ́haʔ linú·wehseʔ tsiʔ ni·yót né·n Stephen Harper
Lonúhteʔ kʌ́ neʔn Tshyalé oh náhte luwatí·yats neʔn Beatles
Λ́·, lonúhteʔ neʔn Tshyalé oh náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Beatles
Lonanúhteʔ kʌ́ né· thikʌ́ latiksaʔshúha oh náhte kuwatí·yats né· thikʌ́ otikhstʌʔokúha̲
Táh. Yáh tehonanúhteʔ né· thikʌ́ latiksaʔshúha oh náhte kuwati·yáts thikʌ́ otikhstʌʔokúha̲
Laulhá· kʌ́ lonúhteʔ náhte yesá·yats
Táh. Yáh tehonúhteʔ náhte ní· yúkyats
Klistí·n kʌ́ yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yakú·kwe̲
Λ́·, Klistí·n yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yakú·kwe̲ʔ
Onulhá· kʌ́ yonanúhteʔ náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Rolling Stones
Λ́·, yonanúhteʔ náhte luwati·yáts neʔn Rolling Stones. Mick, Keith, Charlie kháleʔ Ronnie luwati·yáts

Example 11

Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ náhte ni yúkyats
Lá·kel kʌ́ yesa·yáts
Táh
Yáh Lá·kel teyúkyats
Thikʌ́ akokstʌ́·haʔ neʔn Lá·kel yutátyats
Kowáklit kʌ́ yesa·yáts
Táh
Yáh oni Kowáklit teyúkyats
Thikʌ́ yeksá· neʔn Kowáklit yutátyats
Tá·t yáh Lá·kel tathu·ní· yáh Kowáklit teyesa·yáts nahte káti yesa·yáts
Aliskwet niyúkyats
Onʌ wakanúhteʔ náhte yesa·yáts

Translation Exercises

1
Né· lokstʌ́ha lanú·wehseʔ uní né· kháleʔ akokstʌ́ha yenú·wehse̲ʔ
2
Yáh kʌ́ tesanúhteʔ oh náhte yutátyats né· thikʌ́ yeksá·
3
Kutikwekú kutiksaʔshúha luwanú·wehseʔ né· laulhá·
4
Kwítel kʌ́ luwa·yáts thikʌ́ laksá·
5
Sʌ́haʔ yakninú·wehseʔ ne thí·kʌ̲
6
Yáh tehonúhteʔ tsiʔ náhteʔ luwati·yáts thikʌ́ latiksaʔshúha̲ʔ
7
Yáh ki só·tsiʔ tehinú·wehseʔ Wílo
8
Akwekú shakonú·wehseʔ ne thikʌ́ lokstʌ́ha, nók tsiʔ yáh neʔn Wá·li
9
Sanúhteʔ kʌ́ úhkaʔ náhteʔ yenú·wehseʔ kaʔí·kʌ̲
10
Sʌ́haʔ snú·wehseʔ kaʔi·kʌ́· tsiʔ ni·yóht thikʌ́, wáhi̲
11
Yáh kʌ́ tehninú·wehse̲ʔ
12
Wakanúhteʔ tsiʔ shukwanú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lokstʌ́ha̲
13
Kunú·wehseʔ niʔisé·, kwah né·n tsiʔ niyot niʔisé· sknú·wehse̲ʔ
14
Tokʌ́skeʔ kʌ́ tsiʔ lonúhteʔ oh náhteʔ yúkyats
15
Wé·ne tsiʔ yáh tehinú·wehseʔ thikʌ́ lú·kwe̲
16
Do those women know anything?
17
Who else doesn't like this?
18
I don't like the girl that you like.
19
Does that old woman like us?
20
That woman's not Mary, it's Elizabeth.
21
Who do you like more, George Jones or Justin Bieber?
22
Who knows the old woman named Elizabeth?
23
This young man doesn't know your name.
24
I only like Mary a little bit.
25
I like David, but I still don't like Charlie.
26
How does Mary know that?
27
I know the names of those old men.
28
I know that you like him, but do you know if he likes you?
29
Who else knows the names of the young men?
30
That old man really likes this, but I know that he likes that more.